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| See also: | Contradictory evidence about the effectiveness of cycle helmets |
| Published evidence sceptical of helmet effectiveness or promotion | |
| Helmet laws: What has been their effect? | |
| Analysis |
| Case-control studies | Meta analyses |
The following papers are those that have been selected by meta analyses as representing the strongest evidence in favour of cycle helmet effectiveness.
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG.
J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21
Epidemiology of bicycle injury, head injury, and helmet use among children in British Columbia: a five year descriptive study
Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:122-125.
Bicycle injuries: road trauma is not the only concern
Jacobson GA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T. Austr NZ J Public Health, 1998 Jun;22(4):451-5.
Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury
Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Injury Prevention, 1997 3: 110-114.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury
Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. JAMA, 1996;276(24):1974-1975.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. JAMA, 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73
The effects of bicycling helmets in preventing significant bicycle-related injuries in children
Finvers KA, Strother RT, Mohtadi N. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996 Apr;6(2):102-7
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176.
Injury patterns in cyclists attending an accident and emergency department: a comparison of helmet wearers and non-wearers
Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. BMJ, 1994;308(6943):1537-40 .
The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties
McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. Journal of Trauma, 1993; 34(6):834-845.
A prospective analysis of injury severity among helmeted and non helmeted bicyclists involved in collisions with motor vehicles
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991;31(11):1510-6.
Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists
Wasserman RC, Buccini RV. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1990;18(1):96-7
A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. American Journal of Public Health, 1990; 80(12):1471-1474
A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets
Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 v320 n21 p1361-7
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1.
Do bicycle safety helmets red uce severity of head injury in real crashes?
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1987;19(3):183-90
The following publications are not research papers in their own right, but reviews of other papers. The first two meta analyses examine the same 16 studies, listed above. The Cochrane Review examines a subset of 7 of the same studies. None of the meta analyses considers any paper not supportive of helmet use.
Bicycle Helmets - A review of their effectiveness: A critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M.
Department for Transport Road Safety Research Report 30, London, 2002.
Bicycle helmet efficacy: a meta-analysis 
Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2001 v33 n3 p345-52.
Also published as
Bicycle helmets and injury prevention: a formal review, Australian Transport Safety Bureau: Report CR195, 2000.
Cochrane Review: Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists
Thompson RS, Rivara FP & Thompson DC. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Cochrane Library, 1999.
This review is not independent, being dominated by the authors' own research.
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