BICYCLE HELMET
RESEARCH
FOUNDATION
cyclehelmets.org
Home page
Main topics
News Headlines
Frequently asked Questions
For Policy Makers
Research evidence
Misleading claims
Helmet laws
Analysis
Search Engine
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
UK
USA
Other countries
Full index
Links
BHRF
Policy statement
Register as a supporter
Feedback
A B CD E F GH I J KL M N OP Q R ST U V WX Y Z
Acton CH
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Robinson DL, Acton CH. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:170-172. 1998.
Complementary articles, for and against the effectiveness of helmets.
Adams J
The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets 
Adams J, Hillman M. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:e1-e1. 2002.
Part of debate between authors pro- and against the theory of risk compensation.
Adams S
The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury - a review of the evidence
Hynd D, Cuerden R, Reid S, Adams S. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR446. 2009.
Despite attempts to manipulate the results, one of the largest reviews of the evidence has not been able to find any reliable evidence that helmets have benefited cyclists
Allen JE
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Alsop J
Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law
Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):565-73. 2000.
Ameratunga S
Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand roads, 1988 - 2007
Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Ameratunga S. BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:655. 2010.
Since the helmet law, the number of cyclists admitted to hospital has increased notwithstanding a large fall in cycle use. There has particularly been an increase in off-road casualties.
Andersen LB
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. Arch Intern Med, 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8. 2000.
Ashcroft R
Making cycle helmets compulsory: ethical arguments for legislation
Sheikh A, Cook A, Ashcroft R. J R Soc Med, J R Soc Med 2004;97:262-265. 2004.
Attewell RG
Bicycle helmet efficacy: a meta-analysis
Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2001-05 v33 n3 p345-52. 2001.
Azizhan RG
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Badland HM
The incidence of injuries traveling to and from school by travel mode
Schofield GM,Gianotti S,Badland HM,Hinckson EA. Preventive Medicine, 2008 Jan;46(1):74-76. 2008.
School-related travel, including cycling, is a relatively safe activity contributing to a minority of all injuries sustained by youth.
Barnes JE
A Bicycling Mystery: Head Injuries Piling Up
Barnes JE. New York Times, 29 Jul 2001. 2001.
In the USA, the rate of cyclist head injuries has risen 10% although helmet use has soared and cycle use has declined.
Battistutta D
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Beattie TL
Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets
LeBlanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C. Canadian Medical Association Journal, CMAJ 2002;166(5): p592-5. 2002.
Belton KL
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Bender SJ
Trends in helmet use and head injuries in San Diego County: The effect of bicycle helmet legislation
Ming J, Gilchick RA, Bender SJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2006;38(1):128-134. 2006.
No significant reduction in serious head injury over study period. Serious head injuries rose as helmet use grew fastest. Although one of the most popular areas for cycling in the USA, the incidence of serious head injury was low.
Berry JG
Serious injury due to land transport accidents, Australia, 2003-04
Berry JG, Harrison JE. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Inj Res & Stat Series No.38. 2007.
Helmeted cyclists have about the same percentage of head injuries (27.4%) as unhelmeted car occupants and pedestrians (28.5%). Wearing a helmet seems to have no discernible impact on the risk of head injury.
Blizzard L
Bicycle injuries: road trauma is not the only concern
Jacobson GA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T. Austr NZ J Public Health, 1998 Jun;22(4):451-5.. 1998.
Bloomfield A
Cycling: your health, the public's health and the planet's health
Bloomfield A. Making Cycling Viable symposium. 2000.
Opinion from neurosurgeon that helmets had made some head injuries worse. Need to reconsider issue as legislation has not delivered benefits predicted.
BMA
Legislation for the compulsory wearing of cycle helmets
BMA. BMA. 2004.
Bogerd CP
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Boogaard H
Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?
de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G. Environmental Health Perspectives, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901747. 2010.
On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting mode of transport.
Brazenore GA
The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties
McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. Journal of Trauma, 1993; 34(6):834-845. 1993.
Browning C
Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. BMJ, 1994 Jun 11;308(6943):1537-40. 1994.
Bruhwiler PA
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Brussoni M
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Middaugh-Bonney T, Pike I, Brussoni M, Piedt S, Macpherson A. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:A228. 2010.
Although bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Buccini RV
Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists
Wasserman RC, Buccini RV. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1990 Jan-Feb;18(1):96-7. 1990.
Burkes M
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Buyan M
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Byard RW
Bicycle helmets and accidental asphyxia in childhood
Byard RW, Cala A, Ritchey D, Woodford N.. Medical Journal of Australia, MJA 2011;194(1):49. 2011.
Accidental hanging still occurring due to cycle helmets when worn by children off their bikes.
Cairns FJ
Fatal injuries to bicycle riders in Auckland
Sage MD, Cairns FJ, Koelmeyer TD, Smeeton WMI. NZ Med J, Vol 98, No793, pp1073-1074, 1985. 1985.
"This study indicates that compulsory wearing of suitable safety helmets by cyclists is unlikely to lead to a great reduction in fatal injuries, despite their enthusiastic advocacy". Includes death of helmeted cyclist in simple fall without involvement of motor vehicle."
Cala A
Bicycle helmets and accidental asphyxia in childhood
Byard RW, Cala A, Ritchey D, Woodford N.. Medical Journal of Australia, MJA 2011;194(1):49. 2011.
Accidental hanging still occurring due to cycle helmets when worn by children off their bikes.
Cameron MH
Evaluation of the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria during its first four years
Carr D, Dyte D, Cameron MH. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report 76. 1995.
Cao YT
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Carden S
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Carpenter CS
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. National Bureau of Economic Research, 15658. 2010.
Study of 20 states where "the laws significantly reduced youth bicycling". Has weaknesses.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. National Bureau of Economic Research, 15658. 2010.
Study of 20 states where "the laws significantly reduced youth bicycling". Has weaknesses.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol 54 No2 May 2011. 2011.
In America, 650,000 fewer children ride bikes each year after helmet laws go into effect.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol 54 No2 May 2011. 2011.
In America, 650,000 fewer children ride bikes each year after helmet laws go into effect.
Carr D
Evaluation of the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria during its first four years
Carr D, Dyte D, Cameron MH. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report 76. 1995.
Caty MG
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Chapman G
Franklin J, Chapman G. BHRF. 2005.
Cherry N
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Chinn BP
Assessment of current bicycle helmets for the potential to cause rotational injury
StClair VJM, Chinn BP. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR213. 2007.
Chipman ML
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Hats off (or not?) to helmet legislation
Chipman ML. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2002 Mar 5;166(5):602. 2002.
Although the proportion of cyclists wearing helmets increased in Nova Scotia following helmet legislation and the number of head injuries fell, the main effect of the law was a large decrease in the number of people cycling.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
Churches T
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales
Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R.. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2011 Nov;43(6):2064-71. 2011.
This study claims to be the last word in showing that helmet laws are beneficial.
Clark R
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Cook A
Making cycle helmets compulsory: ethical arguments for legislation
Sheikh A, Cook A, Ashcroft R. J R Soc Med, J R Soc Med 2004;97:262-265. 2004.
Mind your head - the data and debate on bicycle helmet effectiveness
Cook A. Significance, Dec 2004;1;4:162-3. 2004.
Trends in serious head injuries among cyclists in England: analysis of routinely collected data
Cook A, Sheikh A. BMJ, 2000;321:1055. 2000.
Trends in serious head injuries among English cyclists and pedestrians
Cook A, Sheikh A. Injury Prevention, 2003;9:266-267. 2003.
Corner JP
Corner JP, Whitney CW, O'Rourke N, Morgan De. Federal Office of Road Safety, Report CR55. 1987.
Criss EA
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.. 1991.
Crocker P
Alcohol, bicycling and head and brain injury: a study of impaired cyclists' riding patterns
Crocker P, Zad O, Milling T, Lawson KA. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2010;28(1):68-72. 2010.
Alcohol use by cyclists is more strongly associated with head and brain injuries than cycle helmets. (Also subsequent letter by D. Robinson doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.02.019)
Cryer C
Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law
Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):565-73. 2000.
Cuerden R
The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury - a review of the evidence
Hynd D, Cuerden R, Reid S, Adams S. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR446. 2009.
Despite attempts to manipulate the results, one of the largest reviews of the evidence has not been able to find any reliable evidence that helmets have benefited cyclists
Culligan C
Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets
LeBlanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C. Canadian Medical Association Journal, CMAJ 2002;166(5): p592-5. 2002.
Cummings P
Cummings P, Rivara FP, Olson CM, Smith KM. Injury Prevention, 2006;12;148-154. 2006.
Curnow WJ
Bicycle helmets and brain injury
Curnow WJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2007 May;39(3):433-6.. 2007.
Further response on the inadequacy of the Cochrane Review to provide evidence that helmets protect against brain injury.
Bicycle helmets and public health in Australia
Curnow WJ. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2008 Apr;19(1):10-15.. 2008.
After helmet legislation was introduced, rates of cycling declined sharply with loss of benefits for health, but the risk of casualty increased. Compulsion to wear a bicycle helmet is detrimental to public health in Australia.
Bicycle helmets: a scientific evaluation
Curnow WJ. Transportation Accident Analysis & Prevention, Nova Science Publishers, Chapter 6. 2008.
A detailed analysis of brain injuries, helmets and legislation
Bicycle helmets: lack of efficacy against brain injury
Curnow WJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2006 Sep;38(5):833-4.. 2006.
Rebuttal of criticism of Curnow's 2005 paper, The Cochrane Collaboration and Bicycle Helmets.
The Cochrane Collaboration and bicycle helmets
Curnow WJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2005;37(3):569-573. 2005.
Review takes no account of scientific knowledge of types and mechanisms of brain injury and is not a reliable guide to the efficacy of helmets and to interventions concerning their use.
The efficacy of bicycle helmets against brain injury
Curnow WJ. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2003,35:287-292. 2003.
The meta-analysis of case-control studies does not provide scientific evidence that such helmets reduce serious injury to the brain as it does not distinguish injuries caused through fracture of the skull and by angular acceleration.
Curran ALM
Promoting safe cycling and helmet use
Curran ALM. British Medical Association. 2008.
Davis R
Davis R. Death on the Streets chapter 11, ISBN 0-948135-46-8. 1992.
No conclusive benefit from helmets, but they do deflect attention away from dangerous driving.
de Hartog JJ
Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?
de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G. Environmental Health Perspectives, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901747. 2010.
On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting mode of transport.
de Nazelle A
Benefits of shift from car to active transport
Rabl A, de Nazelle A. Transport Policy. 2011.
Debney EA
The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties
McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. Journal of Trauma, 1993; 34(6):834-845. 1993.
Dennis J
The effects of provincial bicycle helmet legislation on helmet use and bicycle ridership in Canada
Dennis J, Potter B, Ramsay T, Zarychanski R. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:219-24. 2010.
Depreitere B
A rational approach to pedal cyclist head protection
Depreitere B. Catholic University of Leuven. 2004.
Bicycle helmets could not offer sufficient protection to the temporal area against lateral blows. There was no unequivocal beneficial effect of the helmets on the rotational acceleration of the head and on the vibration of the skull base.
de_Nazelle A
Rojas-Rueda D, de_Nazelle A, Tainio M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 343:d4521 . 2011.
The health benefits of cycling exceed the risks by 77:1, even in a busy city where few people wear helmets.
Dickinson H
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Dorsch MM
Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes?
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1987 Jun;19(3):183-90. 1987.
Downing CS
Pedal cycle accidents in Great Britain
Downing CS. Ways to Safer Cycling conference. 1985.
Cycle helmets have potential to reduce cyclist casualties by less than 1%, compared with 27% for developments in training and engineering.
Dowswell T
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Dwyer T
Bicycle injuries: road trauma is not the only concern
Jacobson GA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T. Austr NZ J Public Health, 1998 Jun;22(4):451-5.. 1998.
Dyte D
Evaluation of the bicycle helmet wearing law in Victoria during its first four years
Carr D, Dyte D, Cameron MH. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report 76. 1995.
Elvik R
Making Vision Zero real: Preventing pedestrian accidents and making them less severe
Erke A, Elvik R. TOI, Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Report 889/2007. 2007.
There is evidence of increased accident risk per cycling-km for cyclists wearing a helmet. Meta analyses of helmet benefit are very likely affected by publication bias and methodological flaws. Increasing the amount of cycling would decrease accident risk.
Elvik R. Accident Analysis & Prevention, in press. 2011.
Attewell et al influenced by publication and time-trend biases. When controlled for, the protective effects of helmets are smaller. Adding new studies, no overall benefit of helmets found.
Emery AB
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1. 1988.
Usually cited as a pro-helmet paper, nevertheless helmet wearers were 7 times more likely to have hit their heads than non-wearers.
Emmett J
The effects of wearing protective helmets on attentional processes in young cricketers
Neave N, Emmett J, Moss M, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Northumbria University, Cognitive Science Unit. 2004.
The wearing of cricket helmets slows reaction time due to heating the brain
Erke A
Making Vision Zero real: Preventing pedestrian accidents and making them less severe
Erke A, Elvik R. TOI, Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Report 889/2007. 2007.
There is evidence of increased accident risk per cycling-km for cyclists wearing a helmet. Meta analyses of helmet benefit are very likely affected by publication bias and methodological flaws. Increasing the amount of cycling would decrease accident risk.
Finvers KA
The effects of bicycling helmets in preventing significant bicycle-related injuries in children
Finvers KA, Strother RT, Mohtadi N. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996 Apr;6(2):102-7. 1996.
Franklin J
Franklin J, Chapman G. BHRF. 2005.
Frith WJ
Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand
Povey LJ, Frith WJ, Graham PG. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1999 Nov;31(6):763-70. 1999.
Fyhri A
Risk compensation and bicycle helmets
Phillips RO, Fyhri A, Sagberg F. Risk Analysis, 2011; Mar 18. 2011.
Field study, the findings of which are consistent with the notion that those who use helmets routinely perceive reduced risk when wearing a helmet, and compensate by cycling faster.
Garder P
An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility
Leden L, Garder P, Pulkkinen U. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):589-99. 2000.
Gianotti S
The incidence of injuries traveling to and from school by travel mode
Schofield GM,Gianotti S,Badland HM,Hinckson EA. Preventive Medicine, 2008 Jan;46(1):74-76. 2008.
School-related travel, including cycling, is a relatively safe activity contributing to a minority of all injuries sustained by youth.
Gilbert JC
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Gilbert K
Deaths of cyclists in London 1985-92: the hazards of road traffic
Gilbert K, McCarthy M. BMJ, BMJ;1994:308(6943):1534-7. 1994.
30% of cyclists' deaths in outer London and 58% in inner London involve heavy good vehicles. Helmets do not address the source of danger in crashes where the injury is severe or fatal. Helmets restrict cyclists rather than motor vehicles.
Gilchick RA
Trends in helmet use and head injuries in San Diego County: The effect of bicycle helmet legislation
Ming J, Gilchick RA, Bender SJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2006;38(1):128-134. 2006.
No significant reduction in serious head injury over study period. Serious head injuries rose as helmet use grew fastest. Although one of the most popular areas for cycling in the USA, the incidence of serious head injury was low.
Gilchrist A
Finite-element analysis of bicycle helmet oblique impacts
Mills NJ, Gilchrist A. Int Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008;35(9):1087-1101. 2008.
Oblique impact testing of bicycle helmets
Mills NJ, Gilchrist A. Int Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008;35(9):1075-1086. 2008.
Gill M
Gill M, Goldacre M. Injury Prevention, 2009;15:374-78. 2009.
Gill T
Cycling and children and young people: a review
Gill T. National Children's Bureau. 2005.
"Those ... who cycle should be under no illusion that helmets offer reliable protection in crash situations where our lives may be in danger. Neither should we believe that widespread adoption of helmet wearing would see many fewer cyclists killed or permanently disabled. The evidence so far suggests otherwise."
Glase K
Bicycle helmet efficacy: a meta-analysis
Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2001-05 v33 n3 p345-52. 2001.
Glick PL
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Goldacre M
Gill M, Goldacre M. Injury Prevention, 2009;15:374-78. 2009.
Gore G
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Graf SF
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Graham PG
Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand
Povey LJ, Frith WJ, Graham PG. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1999 Nov;31(6):763-70. 1999.
Grant D
The effect of bicycle helmet legislation on bicycling fatalities
Grant D, Rutner SM. Journal of Public Policy, 2004;23(23). 2004.
Fatalities reduce 15% in the long term, but this can't be only because of legislation. Nationally a 12% reduction in fatalities was associated with a 21% reduction in bicycle use.
Grzebieta R.
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales
Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R.. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2011 Nov;43(6):2064-71. 2011.
This study claims to be the last word in showing that helmet laws are beneficial.
Hagel B
Risk compensation behavior in children - myth or reality?
Pless IB, Magdalinos H, Hagel B. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2006;160(6):610-614. 2006.
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Hagel BE
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Harrison JE
Serious injury due to land transport accidents, Australia, 2003-04
Berry JG, Harrison JE. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Inj Res & Stat Series No.38. 2007.
Helmeted cyclists have about the same percentage of head injuries (27.4%) as unhelmeted car occupants and pedestrians (28.5%). Wearing a helmet seems to have no discernible impact on the risk of head injury.
Hayes M
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Hein HO
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. Arch Intern Med, 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8. 2000.
Hewson PJ
Cycle helmets and road casualties in the UK
Hewson PJ. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2005;6(2):127-134. 2005.
There is no evidence that cycle helmets reduce the overall cyclist injury burden at the population level in the UK when data on road casualties is examined.
Investigating population level trends in head injuries amongst child cyclists in the UK
Hewson PJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2005;37(5):807-815. 2005.
Head injuries are declining for child cyclists and pedestrians, but this is not related to helmet wearing data.
Hillman M
Cycle helmets: the case for and against
Hillman M. Policy Studies Institute, ISBN 0-85374-602-8. 1993.
At best, helmets only marginally reduce a cyclist's chance of being fatally or serious injured. The balance of evidence does not suggest that a helmet law would reduce the level of head injuries. Similarly, encouraging voluntary helmet use is unlikely to reduce the risk of head injury. The primary means of reducing serious head injury is to create an environment in which crashes are less likely to occur.
The risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets
Adams J, Hillman M. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:e1-e1. 2002.
Part of debate between authors pro- and against the theory of risk compensation.
Hinckson EA
The incidence of injuries traveling to and from school by travel mode
Schofield GM,Gianotti S,Badland HM,Hinckson EA. Preventive Medicine, 2008 Jan;46(1):74-76. 2008.
School-related travel, including cycling, is a relatively safe activity contributing to a minority of all injuries sustained by youth.
Hoek G
Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?
de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G. Environmental Health Perspectives, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901747. 2010.
On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting mode of transport.
Huber R
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Hummer CH
Sikre skoleveje: En undersogelse af borns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner
Jensen SU, Hummer CH. Danmarks Transport Forskning, Rapport 3, 2002. 2002.
Helmet promotion may be responsible for a generation opting for driving instead of cycling.
Hynd D
The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury - a review of the evidence
Hynd D, Cuerden R, Reid S, Adams S. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR446. 2009.
Despite attempts to manipulate the results, one of the largest reviews of the evidence has not been able to find any reliable evidence that helmets have benefited cyclists
Illingworth C
Do cycle helmets prevent serious head injury?
McCarthy M, Illingworth C. BMJ, 1992 v305 p881-3. 1992.
Cycling is safe, green and healthy. The main study supporting cycle helmet use is useless as policy guidance as it compared quite different groups of cyclists. Cycle helmets do not improve safety and place responsibility for injury protection on the victim.
Jacobsen PL
Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Jacobsen PL. Injury Prevention, 2003;9:205-209. 2003.
Jacobson GA
Bicycle injuries: road trauma is not the only concern
Jacobson GA, Blizzard L, Dwyer T. Austr NZ J Public Health, 1998 Jun;22(4):451-5.. 1998.
Jensen SU
Sikre skoleveje: En undersogelse af borns trafiksikkerhed og transportvaner
Jensen SU, Hummer CH. Danmarks Transport Forskning, Rapport 3, 2002. 2002.
Helmet promotion may be responsible for a generation opting for driving instead of cycling.
Jhangri GS
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Jurj AL
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Keatinge R
Protection afforded by cycle helmets
Keatinge R, Parry R. BMJ, 1994;309:1441 (26 Nov). 1994.
Koelmeyer TD
Fatal injuries to bicycle riders in Auckland
Sage MD, Cairns FJ, Koelmeyer TD, Smeeton WMI. NZ Med J, Vol 98, No793, pp1073-1074, 1985. 1985.
"This study indicates that compulsory wearing of suitable safety helmets by cyclists is unlikely to lead to a great reduction in fatal injuries, despite their enthusiastic advocacy". Includes death of helmeted cyclist in simple fall without involvement of motor vehicle."
Koppelman FS
Bicycle safety helmet legislation and bicycle-related non-fatal injuries in California
Lee BH, Schofer JL, Koppelman FS. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2005;37:93-102. 2005.
Lam K
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Lamy A
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Lane JC
Protection afforded by cycle helmets
McDermott FT, Lane JC. British Medical Journal, BMJ 1994;309:877. 1994.
The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties
McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. Journal of Trauma, 1993; 34(6):834-845. 1993.
Langley JD
Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law
Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):565-73. 2000.
Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use
Scuffham PA, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1997 Jan;29(1):1-9. 1997.
In the 12 months prior to the introduction of a helmet law, helmet wearing in New Zealand rose to 84% for primary school children, 62% for secondary school children and 39% for adults. However, there was no evidence that increased helmet use had resulted in fewer serious head injuries.
Lasenby J
Understanding children's injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking
Morrongiello BA, Walpole B, Lasenby J. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2007 May;39(3):618-23. 2007.
Children went more quickly and behaved more recklessly when wearing safety gear (including helmets) than when not wearing gear providing evidence of risk compensation.
Lawson KA
Alcohol, bicycling and head and brain injury: a study of impaired cyclists' riding patterns
Crocker P, Zad O, Milling T, Lawson KA. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2010;28(1):68-72. 2010.
Alcohol use by cyclists is more strongly associated with head and brain injuries than cycle helmets. (Also subsequent letter by D. Robinson doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.02.019)
LeBlanc JC
Effect of legislation on the use of bicycle helmets
LeBlanc JC, Beattie TL, Culligan C. Canadian Medical Association Journal, CMAJ 2002;166(5): p592-5. 2002.
Leden L
An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility
Leden L, Garder P, Pulkkinen U. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):589-99. 2000.
Leden L. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2002;34:457#64. 2002.
Lee AJ
Lee AJ, Mann NP, Takriti R. Injury Prevention, 2000;6:151-153. 2000.
Cycle helmets - time for legislation
Lee AJ, Mann MP. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2003;88:465-466. 2003.
Lee BH
Bicycle safety helmet legislation and bicycle-related non-fatal injuries in California
Lee BH, Schofer JL, Koppelman FS. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2005;37:93-102. 2005.
Li HL
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Li Q
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Linn S
Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:122-125. 1998.
Loghmanee F
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Lumb P
Pedalling health - health benefits of a modal transport shift
Roberts I, Owen H, Lumb P, MacDougall C. 1996.
Australian assessment of health benefits of cycling. A commitment to cycling will result in a far healthier community.
Macarthur C
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
MacDougall C
Pedalling health - health benefits of a modal transport shift
Roberts I, Owen H, Lumb P, MacDougall C. 1996.
Australian assessment of health benefits of cycling. A commitment to cycling will result in a far healthier community.
Macpherson A
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Middaugh-Bonney T, Pike I, Brussoni M, Piedt S, Macpherson A. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:A228. 2010.
Although bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Macpherson AK
Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries (Review)
Macpherson AK, Spinks A. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 issue 2 Art. No. CD005401. 2007.
Unable to show that reductions in head injuries after helmet laws were result of helmets rather than decline in cycling.
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling
Macpherson AK, Parkin PC, To TM. Injury Prevention, Inj Prev 2001;7:228-230. 2001.
Magdalinos H
Risk compensation behavior in children - myth or reality?
Pless IB, Magdalinos H, Hagel B. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2006;160(6):610-614. 2006.
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Maimaris C
Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. BMJ, 1994 Jun 11;308(6943):1537-40. 1994.
Mann MP
Cycle helmets - time for legislation
Lee AJ, Mann MP. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2003;88:465-466. 2003.
Mann NP
Lee AJ, Mann NP, Takriti R. Injury Prevention, 2000;6:151-153. 2000.
Matthews CE
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
McCarthy M
Children and cycle helmets -- the case against
McCarthy M. Child Care Health Dev, 1996 Mar;22(2):105-11. 1996.
Cycle helmets give very limited protection and shift the blame onto children if they are injured even though adult motorists are often at fault. 5 times as many child pedetrians die after road crashes than child cyclists.
Deaths of cyclists in London 1985-92: the hazards of road traffic
Gilbert K, McCarthy M. BMJ, BMJ;1994:308(6943):1534-7. 1994.
30% of cyclists' deaths in outer London and 58% in inner London involve heavy good vehicles. Helmets do not address the source of danger in crashes where the injury is severe or fatal. Helmets restrict cyclists rather than motor vehicles.
Do cycle helmets prevent serious head injury?
McCarthy M, Illingworth C. BMJ, 1992 v305 p881-3. 1992.
Cycling is safe, green and healthy. The main study supporting cycle helmet use is useless as policy guidance as it compared quite different groups of cyclists. Cycle helmets do not improve safety and place responsibility for injury protection on the victim.
McDermott FT
Protection afforded by cycle helmets
McDermott FT, Lane JC. British Medical Journal, BMJ 1994;309:877. 1994.
The effectiveness of bicycle helmets: a study of 1710 casualties
McDermott FT, Lane JC, Brazenore GA, Debney EA. Journal of Trauma, 1993; 34(6):834-845. 1993.
McFadden M
Bicycle helmet efficacy: a meta-analysis
Attewell RG, Glase K, McFadden M. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2001-05 v33 n3 p345-52. 2001.
Meislin HW
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.. 1991.
Middaugh-Bonney T
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Middaugh-Bonney T, Pike I, Brussoni M, Piedt S, Macpherson A. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:A228. 2010.
Although bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Milling T
Alcohol, bicycling and head and brain injury: a study of impaired cyclists' riding patterns
Crocker P, Zad O, Milling T, Lawson KA. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2010;28(1):68-72. 2010.
Alcohol use by cyclists is more strongly associated with head and brain injuries than cycle helmets. (Also subsequent letter by D. Robinson doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.02.019)
Mills NJ
Finite-element analysis of bicycle helmet oblique impacts
Mills NJ, Gilchrist A. Int Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008;35(9):1087-1101. 2008.
Oblique impact testing of bicycle helmets
Mills NJ, Gilchrist A. Int Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008;35(9):1075-1086. 2008.
Ming J
Trends in helmet use and head injuries in San Diego County: The effect of bicycle helmet legislation
Ming J, Gilchick RA, Bender SJ. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2006;38(1):128-134. 2006.
No significant reduction in serious head injury over study period. Serious head injuries rose as helmet use grew fastest. Although one of the most popular areas for cycling in the USA, the incidence of serious head injury was low.
Mohtadi N
The effects of bicycling helmets in preventing significant bicycle-related injuries in children
Finvers KA, Strother RT, Mohtadi N. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996 Apr;6(2):102-7. 1996.
Mok D
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Mok E
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Monty MJ
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1. 1988.
Usually cited as a pro-helmet paper, nevertheless helmet wearers were 7 times more likely to have hit their heads than non-wearers.
Morgan De
Corner JP, Whitney CW, O'Rourke N, Morgan De. Federal Office of Road Safety, Report CR55. 1987.
Morgan M
Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria, 1990 - 1991
Morgan M, Peberdy J, Rogerson P. Vic Roads, GR91-9 ISBN 073061381X. 1991.
Morrison A
Trends in head injury mortality among 0 - 14 year olds in Scotland (1986-95)
Williamson LM, Morrison A, Stone DH. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2002;56;285-288. 2002.
Morrongiello BA
Understanding children's injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking
Morrongiello BA, Walpole B, Lasenby J. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2007 May;39(3):618-23. 2007.
Children went more quickly and behaved more recklessly when wearing safety gear (including helmets) than when not wearing gear providing evidence of risk compensation.
Moss M
The effects of wearing protective helmets on attentional processes in young cricketers
Neave N, Emmett J, Moss M, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Northumbria University, Cognitive Science Unit. 2004.
The wearing of cricket helmets slows reaction time due to heating the brain
Moyes SA
Changing pattern of child bicycle injury in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
Moyes SA. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 43(2007):486-488. 2007.
Since the New Zealand helmet law was enacted, childrens' injuries from bicycle use have increased but there has been a marked reduction in collisions with motor vehicles. This is the result of a change in the way bicycles are used by children. (This suggests that any reduction in head injuries post-law would be at least in part because children face less serious injuries as they now cycle much less in traffic)
Murphy M
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.. 1991.
Möllman FT
Möllman FT, Rieger B, Wassmann H. DGNC Köln. 2004.
No significant difference concerning the level of head-trauma due to bicycle accident between cyclists wearing a helmet and others.
Neave N
The effects of wearing protective helmets on attentional processes in young cricketers
Neave N, Emmett J, Moss M, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Northumbria University, Cognitive Science Unit. 2004.
The wearing of cricket helmets slows reaction time due to heating the brain
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ
Rojas-Rueda D, de_Nazelle A, Tainio M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 343:d4521 . 2011.
The health benefits of cycling exceed the risks by 77:1, even in a busy city where few people wear helmets.
Nijland H
Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks?
de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G. Environmental Health Perspectives, doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901747. 2010.
On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting mode of transport.
Nixon J
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Nunn ME
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury
Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. JAMA, 1996a;276(24):1974-1975. 1996.
O'Rourke N
Corner JP, Whitney CW, O'Rourke N, Morgan De. Federal Office of Road Safety, Report CR55. 1987.
Olivier J
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales
Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R.. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2011 Nov;43(6):2064-71. 2011.
This study claims to be the last word in showing that helmet laws are beneficial.
Olson CM
Cummings P, Rivara FP, Olson CM, Smith KM. Injury Prevention, 2006;12;148-154. 2006.
Owen H
Pedalling health - health benefits of a modal transport shift
Roberts I, Owen H, Lumb P, MacDougall C. 1996.
Australian assessment of health benefits of cycling. A commitment to cycling will result in a far healthier community.
Palmer CR
Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. BMJ, 1994 Jun 11;308(6943):1537-40. 1994.
Parkin P
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Parkin PC
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling
Macpherson AK, Parkin PC, To TM. Injury Prevention, Inj Prev 2001;7:228-230. 2001.
Parry R
Protection afforded by cycle helmets
Keatinge R, Parry R. BMJ, 1994;309:1441 (26 Nov). 1994.
Parsons D
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Peberdy J
Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria, 1990 - 1991
Morgan M, Peberdy J, Rogerson P. Vic Roads, GR91-9 ISBN 073061381X. 1991.
Phillips RO
Risk compensation and bicycle helmets
Phillips RO, Fyhri A, Sagberg F. Risk Analysis, 2011; Mar 18. 2011.
Field study, the findings of which are consistent with the notion that those who use helmets routinely perceive reduced risk when wearing a helmet, and compensate by cycling faster.
Piedt S
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Middaugh-Bonney T, Pike I, Brussoni M, Piedt S, Macpherson A. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:A228. 2010.
Although bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Pike I
Bicycle-related head injury rate in Canada over the past 10 years
Middaugh-Bonney T, Pike I, Brussoni M, Piedt S, Macpherson A. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:A228. 2010.
Although bicycle-related injuries are generally declining, this decline is not consistent, nor is it clearly associated with helmet laws.
Pitt WR
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Pless IB
Risk compensation behavior in children - myth or reality?
Pless IB, Magdalinos H, Hagel B. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2006;160(6):610-614. 2006.
Risk compensation in children's activities: A pilot study
Mok D, Gore G, Hagel B, Mok E, Magdalinos H, Pless IB. Paediatr Child Health, 2004;9(5):327-330. 2004.
First empirical evidence of risk compensation when cycling. Injured children who had worn helmets rode faster and suffered more damage to their bikes.
Potter B
The effects of provincial bicycle helmet legislation on helmet use and bicycle ridership in Canada
Dennis J, Potter B, Ramsay T, Zarychanski R. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:219-24. 2010.
Povey LJ
Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand
Povey LJ, Frith WJ, Graham PG. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1999 Nov;31(6):763-70. 1999.
Powell KE
Injury rates from walking, gardening, weightlifting, outdoor bicycling and aerobics
Powell KE. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 1998;30:1246-1249. 1998.
Fewer people reported injuries from cycling than any of the other activities.
Pulkkinen U
An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility
Leden L, Garder P, Pulkkinen U. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):589-99. 2000.
Rabl A
Benefits of shift from car to active transport
Rabl A, de Nazelle A. Transport Policy. 2011.
Ramsay T
The effects of provincial bicycle helmet legislation on helmet use and bicycle ridership in Canada
Dennis J, Potter B, Ramsay T, Zarychanski R. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:219-24. 2010.
Reid S
The potential for cycle helmets to prevent injury - a review of the evidence
Hynd D, Cuerden R, Reid S, Adams S. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR446. 2009.
Despite attempts to manipulate the results, one of the largest reviews of the evidence has not been able to find any reliable evidence that helmets have benefited cyclists
Rieger B
Möllman FT, Rieger B, Wassmann H. DGNC Köln. 2004.
No significant difference concerning the level of head-trauma due to bicycle accident between cyclists wearing a helmet and others.
Rissel C
Ride your bike: healthy policy for Australians
Rissel C. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2003;14(3):151-153. 2003.
Emphasis on helmets has deterred many people from achieving the health benefits of cycling.
Voukelatos A, Rissel C. Australasian College of Road Safety, ACRS 2010;21(3):50-55. 2010.
Helmets were not the main reason for the drop in head injuries in Australia since helmet laws were introduced. General improvement in road safety from random breath testing and other measures were probably the cause.
Rissel C, Wen LM. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2011; 22: 178-83. 2011.
Ritchey D
Bicycle helmets and accidental asphyxia in childhood
Byard RW, Cala A, Ritchey D, Woodford N.. Medical Journal of Australia, MJA 2011;194(1):49. 2011.
Accidental hanging still occurring due to cycle helmets when worn by children off their bikes.
Rivara FP
A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets
Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 v320 n21 p1361-7. 1989.
A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. American Journal of Public Health, 1990; 80(12):1471-1474. 1990.
Cummings P, Rivara FP, Olson CM, Smith KM. Injury Prevention, 2006;12;148-154. 2006.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. JAMA, 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73. 1996.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury
Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. JAMA, 1996a;276(24):1974-1975. 1996.
Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury
Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Injury Prevention, 1997 3: 110-114. 1997.
Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (Cochrane Review)
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 4, 2002. 2002.
Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:e1-e1. 2002.
Part of debate between authors pro- and against the theory of risk compensation.
Rizkallah JW
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Roberts I
Pedalling health - health benefits of a modal transport shift
Roberts I, Owen H, Lumb P, MacDougall C. 1996.
Australian assessment of health benefits of cycling. A commitment to cycling will result in a far healthier community.
Robinson DL
Bicycle helmet legislation: Can we reach a consensus?
Robinson DL. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2007;39(1):86-93. 2007.
Suggestions for data and methodology to resolve conflict between case-control studies and trends.
Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law
Robinson DL. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2001 Sep;33(5):687-91. 2001.
The large increase in helmet wearing as a result of the NZ helmet law has not led to any obvious change in head injuries over and above existing trends.
Do enforced bicycle helmet laws improve public health?
Robinson DL. BMJ, 2006;332:722-725. 2006.
There is no clear evidence of benefit from countries that have enforced the wearing of cycle helmets.
Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws
Robinson DL. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 1996 Jul;28(4):463-75. 1996.
The most notable effect of helmet laws in Australia has been to reduce cycling, and this may have generated a net loss of health benefits to the nation. The risk of dying from head injury per hour is similar for unhelmeted cyclists and motor vehicle occupants, and a helmet law for motorists has the potential to save 17 times as many lives as a cycle helmet law.
Head injuries and helmet laws in Australia and New Zealand
Robinson DL. 2005.
An assessment of the helmet laws. There is little benefit to either cyclists or the community from passing laws forcing cyclists to wear helmets. Rather than encouraging cyclists to wear helmets, the laws appear to have discouraged cycling, resulting in reduced health and fitness, but very little change in the head injury rate. Indeed, risks per cyclist seem to have increased, compared to what would have been expected without the law.
Robinson DL, Acton CH. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:170-172. 1998.
Complementary articles, for and against the effectiveness of helmets.
No clear evidence from countries that have enforced the wearing of helmets
Robinson DL. BMJ, 2006;332:722-725. 2006.
There is no clear evidence of benefit from countries that have enforced the wearing of cycle helmets.
Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Robinson DL. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2005;16:47-51. 2005.
Following the introduction of compulsory helmets for cyclists, there was a 30% reduction in cycling and it was associated with a higher risk of death or serious injury per cyclist, outweighing any benefits of increased helmet wearing.
Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Robinson DL. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2005;16:47-51. 2005.
Following the introduction of compulsory helmets for cyclists, there was a 30% reduction in cycling and it was associated with a higher risk of death or serious injury per cyclist, outweighing any benefits of increased helmet wearing.
Robinson DR
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1. 1988.
Usually cited as a pro-helmet paper, nevertheless helmet wearers were 7 times more likely to have hit their heads than non-wearers.
Rodgers GB
Rodgers GB. Journal of Products Liability, 1988 ,11:307-317. 1988.
The largest ever cycling casualty study involving over 8 million cases of injury and death to cyclists in the USA over 15 years. It concluded that there was no evidence that hard shell helmets had reduced the head injury and fatality rates. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between fatalities and helmet use (i.e. helmeted riders were more likely to be killed).
Rogerson P
Bicycle helmet usage rates in Victoria, 1990 - 1991
Morgan M, Peberdy J, Rogerson P. Vic Roads, GR91-9 ISBN 073061381X. 1991.
Rojas-Rueda D
Rojas-Rueda D, de_Nazelle A, Tainio M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 343:d4521 . 2011.
The health benefits of cycling exceed the risks by 77:1, even in a busy city where few people wear helmets.
Rosgen T
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Rowe BH
Hagel BE, Rizkallah JW, Lamy A, Belton KL, Jhangri GS, Cherry N, Rowe BH. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:262-265. 2006.
Rutner SM
The effect of bicycle helmet legislation on bicycling fatalities
Grant D, Rutner SM. Journal of Public Policy, 2004;23(23). 2004.
Fatalities reduce 15% in the long term, but this can't be only because of legislation. Nationally a 12% reduction in fatalities was associated with a 21% reduction in bicycle use.
Sagberg F
Risk compensation and bicycle helmets
Phillips RO, Fyhri A, Sagberg F. Risk Analysis, 2011; Mar 18. 2011.
Field study, the findings of which are consistent with the notion that those who use helmets routinely perceive reduced risk when wearing a helmet, and compensate by cycling faster.
Sage MD
Fatal injuries to bicycle riders in Auckland
Sage MD, Cairns FJ, Koelmeyer TD, Smeeton WMI. NZ Med J, Vol 98, No793, pp1073-1074, 1985. 1985.
"This study indicates that compulsory wearing of suitable safety helmets by cyclists is unlikely to lead to a great reduction in fatal injuries, despite their enthusiastic advocacy". Includes death of helmeted cyclist in simple fall without involvement of motor vehicle."
Schnohr P
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. Arch Intern Med, 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8. 2000.
Schofer JL
Bicycle safety helmet legislation and bicycle-related non-fatal injuries in California
Lee BH, Schofer JL, Koppelman FS. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2005;37:93-102. 2005.
Schofield GM
The incidence of injuries traveling to and from school by travel mode
Schofield GM,Gianotti S,Badland HM,Hinckson EA. Preventive Medicine, 2008 Jan;46(1):74-76. 2008.
School-related travel, including cycling, is a relatively safe activity contributing to a minority of all injuries sustained by youth.
Scholey A
The effects of wearing protective helmets on attentional processes in young cricketers
Neave N, Emmett J, Moss M, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Northumbria University, Cognitive Science Unit. 2004.
The wearing of cricket helmets slows reaction time due to heating the brain
Schroll M
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. Arch Intern Med, 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1621-8. 2000.
Scuffham P
Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law
Scuffham P, Alsop J, Cryer C, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2000 Jul;32(4):565-73. 2000.
New Zealand bicycle helmet law - do the costs outweigh the benefits?
Taylor M, Scuffham P. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:317-320. 2002.
Scuffham PA
Trends in cycle injury in New Zealand under voluntary helmet use
Scuffham PA, Langley JD. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1997 Jan;29(1):1-9. 1997.
In the 12 months prior to the introduction of a helmet law, helmet wearing in New Zealand rose to 84% for primary school children, 62% for secondary school children and 39% for adults. However, there was no evidence that increased helmet use had resulted in fewer serious head injuries.
Shafi S
Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional trauma center
Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Loghmanee F, Allen JE, Caty MG, Glick PL, Carden S, Azizhan RG. J Paediatric Surgery, 1998 Feb;33(2):317-21. 1998.
Sheikh A
Making cycle helmets compulsory: ethical arguments for legislation
Sheikh A, Cook A, Ashcroft R. J R Soc Med, J R Soc Med 2004;97:262-265. 2004.
Trends in serious head injuries among cyclists in England: analysis of routinely collected data
Cook A, Sheikh A. BMJ, 2000;321:1055. 2000.
Trends in serious head injuries among English cyclists and pedestrians
Cook A, Sheikh A. Injury Prevention, 2003;9:266-267. 2003.
Sheps S
Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:122-125. 1998.
Shu Xo
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Smeed RJ
Some statistical aspects of road safety research
Smeed RJ. J R Stat Soc A, 1949:1-34. 1949.
Smeeton WMI
Fatal injuries to bicycle riders in Auckland
Sage MD, Cairns FJ, Koelmeyer TD, Smeeton WMI. NZ Med J, Vol 98, No793, pp1073-1074, 1985. 1985.
"This study indicates that compulsory wearing of suitable safety helmets by cyclists is unlikely to lead to a great reduction in fatal injuries, despite their enthusiastic advocacy". Includes death of helmeted cyclist in simple fall without involvement of motor vehicle."
Smith D
Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. Injury Prevention, 1998;4:122-125. 1998.
Smith KM
Cummings P, Rivara FP, Olson CM, Smith KM. Injury Prevention, 2006;12;148-154. 2006.
Somers RL
Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes?
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1987 Jun;19(3):183-90. 1987.
Spaite DW
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.. 1991.
Spence L
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Spinks A
Bicycle helmet legislation for the uptake of helmet use and prevention of head injuries (Review)
Macpherson AK, Spinks A. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 issue 2 Art. No. CD005401. 2007.
Unable to show that reductions in head injuries after helmet laws were result of helmets rather than decline in cycling.
StClair VJM
Assessment of current bicycle helmets for the potential to cause rotational injury
StClair VJM, Chinn BP. Transport Research Laboratory, PPR213. 2007.
Stehr MF
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. National Bureau of Economic Research, 15658. 2010.
Study of 20 states where "the laws significantly reduced youth bicycling". Has weaknesses.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. National Bureau of Economic Research, 15658. 2010.
Study of 20 states where "the laws significantly reduced youth bicycling". Has weaknesses.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol 54 No2 May 2011. 2011.
In America, 650,000 fewer children ride bikes each year after helmet laws go into effect.
Intended and unintended consequences of youth bicycle helmet laws
Carpenter CS,Stehr MF. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol 54 No2 May 2011. 2011.
In America, 650,000 fewer children ride bikes each year after helmet laws go into effect.
Stephens D
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Stone DH
Trends in head injury mortality among 0 - 14 year olds in Scotland (1986-95)
Williamson LM, Morrison A, Stone DH. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2002;56;285-288. 2002.
Strother RT
The effects of bicycling helmets in preventing significant bicycle-related injuries in children
Finvers KA, Strother RT, Mohtadi N. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996 Apr;6(2):102-7. 1996.
Summers CL
Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR. BMJ, 1994 Jun 11;308(6943):1537-40. 1994.
Sznitman J
Heat transfer variations of bicycle helmets
Bruhwiler PA, Buyan M, Huber R, Bogerd CP, Sznitman J, Graf SF, Rosgen T. J Sports Sci, 2006 Sep;24(9):999-1011. 2006.
Lack of systematic understanding of the principles behind bicycle helmet ventilation, which varies considerably between helmets.
Tainio M
Rojas-Rueda D, de_Nazelle A, Tainio M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. British Medical Journal, BMJ 2011; 343:d4521 . 2011.
The health benefits of cycling exceed the risks by 77:1, even in a busy city where few people wear helmets.
Takriti R
Lee AJ, Mann NP, Takriti R. Injury Prevention, 2000;6:151-153. 2000.
Taylor M
New Zealand bicycle helmet law - do the costs outweigh the benefits?
Taylor M, Scuffham P. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:317-320. 2002.
Thomas S
Effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury in children: case-control study
Thomas S, Acton CH, Nixon J, Battistutta D, Pitt WR, Clark R. BMJ, 1994;308:173-176. 1994.
Thompson DC
A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets
Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 v320 n21 p1361-7. 1989.
A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. American Journal of Public Health, 1990; 80(12):1471-1474. 1990.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. JAMA, 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73. 1996.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury
Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. JAMA, 1996a;276(24):1974-1975. 1996.
Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury
Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Injury Prevention, 1997 3: 110-114. 1997.
Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (Cochrane Review)
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 4, 2002. 2002.
Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:e1-e1. 2002.
Part of debate between authors pro- and against the theory of risk compensation.
Thompson RS
A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets
Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 v320 n21 p1361-7. 1989.
A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. American Journal of Public Health, 1990; 80(12):1471-1474. 1990.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury
Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. JAMA, 1996a;276(24):1974-1975. 1996.
Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury
Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Injury Prevention, 1997 3: 110-114. 1997.
Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP. Injury Prevention, 2002;8:e1-e1. 2002.
Part of debate between authors pro- and against the theory of risk compensation.
Thompson RS.
Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries: a case-control study
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. JAMA, 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1968-73. 1996.
Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (Cochrane Review)
Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue 4, 2002. 2002.
Tin Tin S
Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand roads, 1988 - 2007
Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Ameratunga S. BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:655. 2010.
Since the helmet law, the number of cyclists admitted to hospital has increased notwithstanding a large fall in cycle use. There has particularly been an increase in off-road casualties.
To TM
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
Mandatory helmet legislation and children's exposure to cycling
Macpherson AK, Parkin PC, To TM. Injury Prevention, Inj Prev 2001;7:228-230. 2001.
Towner E
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Towner J
Bicycle helmets - a review of their effectiveness: a critical review of the literature
Towner E, Dowswell T, Burkes M, Dickinson H, Towner J, Hayes M. Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 30. 2002.
Valenzuela TD
Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Journal of Trauma, 1991 Nov;31(11):1510-6.. 1991.
Voukelatos A
Voukelatos A, Rissel C. Australasian College of Road Safety, ACRS 2010;21(3):50-55. 2010.
Helmets were not the main reason for the drop in head injuries in Australia since helmet laws were introduced. General improvement in road safety from random breath testing and other measures were probably the cause.
Walker B
Heads up - the science of helmets
Walker B. Cycle, Jun/Jul 2005. 2005.
Helmets offer only limited protection in simple low-speed falls with no other vehicle involved. Helmet standards have declined greatly in recent years yet most helmets do not meet the standards to which they are accredited. The courts remain to be convinced that helmets can be relied upon to provide useful protection in most crashes.
Waller JA
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1. 1988.
Usually cited as a pro-helmet paper, nevertheless helmet wearers were 7 times more likely to have hit their heads than non-wearers.
Walpole B
Understanding children's injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking
Morrongiello BA, Walpole B, Lasenby J. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2007 May;39(3):618-23. 2007.
Children went more quickly and behaved more recklessly when wearing safety gear (including helmets) than when not wearing gear providing evidence of risk compensation.
Walter SR
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales
Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R.. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2011 Nov;43(6):2064-71. 2011.
This study claims to be the last word in showing that helmet laws are beneficial.
Wardlaw MJ
Assessing the actual risks faced by cyclists
Wardlaw MJ. Traffic Engineering + Control, Dec 2002 p352-356. 2002.
Three lessons for a better cycling future
Wardlaw MJ. BMJ, 2000-12-23/30 n321 p1582-5. 2000.
Cycling has a fine safety record; driving does not. The statistical wrangle over cycle helmets is a side issue; helmet promotion engenders the impression that cycling has become much more hazardous than driving, which deters cycling and increases risk for those who continue to cycle.
Wasserman RC
Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness
Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, Emery AB, Robinson DR. American Journal of Public Health, 1988 Sep;78(9):1220-1. 1988.
Usually cited as a pro-helmet paper, nevertheless helmet wearers were 7 times more likely to have hit their heads than non-wearers.
Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists
Wasserman RC, Buccini RV. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1990 Jan-Feb;18(1):96-7. 1990.
Wassmann H
Möllman FT, Rieger B, Wassmann H. DGNC Köln. 2004.
No significant difference concerning the level of head-trauma due to bicycle accident between cyclists wearing a helmet and others.
Wen LM
Rissel C, Wen LM. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2011; 22: 178-83. 2011.
Wesnes K
The effects of wearing protective helmets on attentional processes in young cricketers
Neave N, Emmett J, Moss M, Scholey A, Wesnes K. Northumbria University, Cognitive Science Unit. 2004.
The wearing of cricket helmets slows reaction time due to heating the brain
Wesson D
Trends in pediatric and adult bicycling deaths before and after passage of a bicycle helmet law
Wesson D, Stephens D, Lam K, Parsons D, Spence L, Parkin P. Pediatrics, 2008;122:605-610. 2008.
Whitney CW
Corner JP, Whitney CW, O'Rourke N, Morgan De. Federal Office of Road Safety, Report CR55. 1987.
Williamson LM
Trends in head injury mortality among 0 - 14 year olds in Scotland (1986-95)
Williamson LM, Morrison A, Stone DH. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2002;56;285-288. 2002.
Wolf ME
A case-control study on the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury
Thompson DC, Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Wolf ME. American Journal of Public Health, 1990; 80(12):1471-1474. 1990.
Woodford N.
Bicycle helmets and accidental asphyxia in childhood
Byard RW, Cala A, Ritchey D, Woodford N.. Medical Journal of Australia, MJA 2011;194(1):49. 2011.
Accidental hanging still occurring due to cycle helmets when worn by children off their bikes.
Woodward A
Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand roads, 1988 - 2007
Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Ameratunga S. BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:655. 2010.
Since the helmet law, the number of cyclists admitted to hospital has increased notwithstanding a large fall in cycle use. There has particularly been an increase in off-road casualties.
Woodward AJ
Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes?
Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1987 Jun;19(3):183-90. 1987.
Wright JG
Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation
Macpherson AK, Macarthur C, To TM, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Injury Prevention, 2006;12:231-235. 2006.
Macpherson AK, To TM, Macarthur C, Chipman ML, Wright JG, Parkin PC. Pediatrics, 2002; 110(5):e60. 2002.
Yang G
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.
Zad O
Alcohol, bicycling and head and brain injury: a study of impaired cyclists' riding patterns
Crocker P, Zad O, Milling T, Lawson KA. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2010;28(1):68-72. 2010.
Alcohol use by cyclists is more strongly associated with head and brain injuries than cycle helmets. (Also subsequent letter by D. Robinson doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.02.019)
Zarychanski R
The effects of provincial bicycle helmet legislation on helmet use and bicycle ridership in Canada
Dennis J, Potter B, Ramsay T, Zarychanski R. Injury Prevention, 2010;16:219-24. 2010.
Zheng W
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu Xo, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Cao YT, Zheng W. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2007 165(12):1343-1350. 2007.